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The Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RACE II) trial compared strict rate control vs lenient rate control in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. In this substudy, the RACE II investigators report results based on three groups of patients: those with successful strict rate control, those with unsuccessful rate control, and those with lenient rate control.

Tight vs Loose Rate Control in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation